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发表于 2023-3-29 13:51:20 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |正序浏览 |阅读模式
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_widget_toolkits

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



This article provides a list of widget toolkits (also known as GUI frameworks), used to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) of programs, organized by their relationships with various operating systems.
Low-level widget toolkits[edit]Integrated in the operating system[edit]
  • macOS uses Cocoa. Mac OS 9 and macOS used to use Carbon for 32-bit applications.
  • The Windows API used in Microsoft Windows. Microsoft had the graphics functions integrated in the kernel until 2006[1]
  • The Haiku operating system uses an extended and modernised version of the Be API that was used by its spiritual predecessor BeOS. Haiku Inc. is expected to drop binary and source compatibility with the BeOS at some point in the future, which will result in its own Haiku API.
As a separate layer on top of the operating system[edit]
  • The X Window System contains primitive building blocks, called Xt or "Intrinsics", but they are mostly only used by older toolkits such as: OLIT, Motif and Xaw. Most contemporary toolkits, such as GTK or Qt, bypass them and use Xlib or XCB directly.
  • The Amiga OS Intuition was formerly present in the Amiga Kickstart ROM and integrated itself with a medium-high level widget library which invoked the Workbench Amiga native GUI. Since Amiga OS 2.0, Intuition.library became disk based and object oriented. Also Workbench.library and Icon.library became disk based, and could be replaced with similar third-party solutions.
  • Since 2005, Microsoft has taken the graphics system out of Windows' kernel.[2]
High-level widget toolkits[edit]Widget toolkit comparison table
Toolkit name
Windows
macOS
Unix-like
Programming language
License

AWT
cross-platform
Java
CEGUIYesYesYesC++MIT
CocoaPartialYesNoObjective-CProprietary
ElementaryYesYesYesCLGPL, BSD
FLTKYesYesYesC++LGPL
Fox toolkitYesNoYesC++LGPL
Fyne
cross-platform
GoBSD
GNUstepYesYesYesObjective-CLGPL
GTKYesYesYesCLGPL
Kivy
cross-platform
PythonMIT
LCLYesYesYesObject Pascal (Free Pascal)LGPL
IUPYesNoYesCMIT
JuceYesYesYesC++GPL, proprietary
LessTifNoNoYesCLGPL
MotifNoNoYesCLGPL
MFCYesNoNoC++Proprietary
Nana C++YesNoYesC++Boost license
OWL (superseded by VCL)YesNoNoC++ (Borland C++)Proprietary
Pivot (WTK)
cross-platform
JavaApache License
QtYesYesYesC++LGPL, proprietary
Rogue Wave ViewsYesNoYesC++proprietary
Shoes (GUI toolkit)
cross-platform
RubyMIT
Swing
cross-platform
Java
TkYesYesYesCBSD
TnFOXYesYesYesC++LGPL
Ultimate++YesYesYesC++BSD
VCL (supersedes OWL)YesNoNoObject Pascal (Delphi)Proprietary
WTLYesNoNoC++Microsoft Public License
wxWidgetsYesYesYesC++WxWindows licenseOS dependent[edit]On Amiga[edit]
  • BOOPSI (Basic Object Oriented Programming System for Intuition) was introduced with OS 2.0 and enhanced Intuition with a system of classes in which every class represents a single widget or describes an interface event. This led to an evolution in which third-party developers each realised their own personal systems of classes.
  • MUI: object-oriented GUI toolkit and the official toolkit for MorphOS.
  • ReAction: object-oriented GUI toolkit and the official toolkit for AmigaOS.
  • Zune (GUI toolkit) is an open source clone of MUI and the official toolkit for AROS.
On macOS[edit]On Microsoft Windows[edit]On Unix, under the X Window System[edit]
Note that the X Window System was originally primarily for Unix-like operating systems, but it now runs on Microsoft Windows as well using, for example, Cygwin, so some or all of these toolkits can also be used under Windows.
Cross-platform[edit]Based on C (including bindings to other languages)[edit]
  • Elementary, open source (LGPL), a part of the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries, a fast, stable, and scalable library that can be used to create both rich and fast applications that can be used on anything from every day desktop computers to small PDA's and set-top boxes.
  • GTK, open source (LGPL), primarily for the X Window System, ported to and emulated under other platforms; used in the GNOME, Rox, LXDE and Xfce desktop environments. The Windows port has support for native widgets.
  • IUP, open source (MIT), a minimalist GUI toolkit in ANSI C for Windows, UNIX and Linux.
  • Tk, open source (BSD-style), a widget set accessed from Tcl and other high-level script languages (interfaced in Python as Tkinter).
  • XForms, the Forms Library for X
  • XVT, Extensible Virtual Toolkit
Based on C++ (including bindings to other languages)[edit]Based on Python[edit]Based on OpenGL[edit]
  • Clutter (LGPL) (in C) is an open source software library for creating fast, visually rich and animated graphical user interfaces.
Based on Flash[edit]
  • Adobe Flash allows creating widgets running in most web browsers and in several mobile phones.
  • Adobe Flex provides high-level widgets for building web user interfaces. Flash widgets can be used in Flex.
  • Flash and Flex widgets will run without a web browser in the Adobe AIR runtime environment.
Based on Go[edit]
  • Fyne, open source (BSD) is inspired by the principles of Material Design to create applications that look and behave consistently across Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD, Android and iOS.
Based on XML[edit]Based on JavaScript[edit]Main article: JavaScript library
General
Full-stack framework
Resource-based
No longer developed
  • YUI (Yahoo! User Interface Library)
Based on SVG[edit]
  • Raphaël is a JavaScript toolkit for SVG interfaces and animations
Based on C#[edit]
  • Gtk#, C# wrappers around the underlying GTK and GNOME libraries, written in C and available on Linux, MacOS and Windows.
  • QtSharp, C# wrappers around the Qt widget toolkit, which is itself based-on the C++ language.
  • Windows Forms. There is an original Microsoft's implementation that is a wrapper around the Windows API and runs on windows, and Mono's alternative implementation that is cross platform.
Based on Java[edit]
  • The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is Sun Microsystems' original widget toolkit for Java applications. It typically uses another toolkit on each platform on which it runs.
  • Swing is a richer widget toolkit supported since J2SE 1.2 as a replacement for AWT widgets. Swing is a lightweight toolkit, meaning it does not rely on native widgets.
  • Apache Pivot is an open-source platform for building rich web applications in Java or any JVM-compatible language, and relies on the WTK widget toolkit.
  • JavaFX and FXML.
  • The Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT) is a native widget toolkit for Java that was developed as part of the Eclipse project. SWT uses a standard toolkit for the running platform (such as the Windows API, OS X Cocoa, or GTK) underneath.
  • Codename One originally designed as a cross platform mobile toolkit it later expanded to support desktop applications both through JavaSE and via a JavaScript pipeline through browsers
  • java-gnome provides bindings to the GTK toolkit and other libraries of the GNOME desktop environment
  • Qt Jambi, the official Java binding to Qt from Trolltech. The commercial support and development has stopped[5]
Based on Object Pascal[edit]
  • FireMonkey or FMX is a cross-platform widget and graphics library distributed with Delphi and C++Builder since version XE2 in 2011. It has bindings for C++ through C++Builder, and supports Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, and most recently Linux. FireMonkey supports both platform-native widgets, such as a native edit control, as well as custom widgets that are styled to look native on the target operating system. Its graphics are GPU-accelerated and it supports styling, and mixing its own implementation controls with native system controls, which lets apps use native behaviour where it's important (for example, for IME text input.)
  • IP Pascal uses a graphics library built on top of standard language constructs. Also unusual for being a procedural toolkit that is cross-platform (no callbacks or other tricks), and is completely upward compatible with standard serial input and output paradigms. Completely standard programs with serial output can be run and extended with graphical constructs.
  • Lazarus LCL (for Pascal, Object Pascal and Delphi via Free Pascal compiler), a class library wrapping GTK+ 1.2, Gtk+ 2.x and the Windows API (Carbon, Windows CE and Qt4 support are all in development).
  • fpGUI is created with the Free Pascal compiler. It doesn't rely on any large 3rdParty libraries and currently runs on Linux, Windows, Windows CE, and Mac (via X11). A Carbon (OS X) port is underway.
  • CLX (Component Library for Cross-platform) was used with Borland's (now Embarcadero's) Delphi, C++ Builder, and Kylix, for producing cross-platform applications between Windows and Linux. It was based on Qt, wrapped in such a way that its programming interface was similar to that of the VCL toolkit. It is no longer maintained and distributed, and has been replaced with FireMonkey, a newer toolkit also supporting more platforms, since 2011.
Based on Objective-C[edit]Based on Dart[edit]Based on Swift[edit]Based on Ruby[edit]Not yet categorised[edit]Comparison of widget toolkits[edit]
Toolkit
Initial release
Latest release
Main language
Bindings
Tools
License
Pros
Cons
Back-end

2004C++Visual Studionot portable
1995Javaportable
20041.1.2 (March 19, 2022; 12 months ago) [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templateatest_stable_software_release/CEGUI&action=edit][±][/url][6]C++Python,[7] Lua (using tolua++)[8]CEED[9]MIT LicenseFree license, fast, cross-platform, portable, free GUI editing tool
2006CPerl, Python, C#, C++, Vala, RubyLGPLGTK and WebKit embedding
C++
2007 (EFL: 2001)2016CJavaScript, Python, Vala, C++editje, edjeLGPLPortable, stable, fast, finger-friendly
19982019C++Python (pyFLTK), Perl (FLTK.pm), Ruby (Ruby/FLTK), Tcl (Tcl Fltk), Guile (guile-fltk), Eiffel (IFLTK)FLUID (Fast Light UI Designer)LGPL (with an exception that allows static linking)fast, small enough to static linklimited widget selection
2017DartPortable, cross platform, free license, rich widget set
1997C++Ruby (FXRuby), Python (FXPy), Eiffel (EiffelFox)consistent across platformsnon-native look and feel
20182020 (1.3.2)GoBSDconsistent across platforms, no runtime dependencyrequires OpenGL
C++
19942017Objective-CJava, Ruby, SchemeGorm (computing)GPL for the apps, LGPL for the libsPortable, free licenseNative on macOS (with Cocoa)X11, Win32, Wayland
19974.6.0[10] (December 30, 2021; 14 months ago) [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templateatest_stable_software_release/GTK%2B&action=edit][±][/url]CC++ (gtkmm), Perl (Gtk2-perl), Ruby (ruby-gtk2), Python (PyGTK), Haskell (Gtk2Hs), Java (java-gnome) (not available for Microsoft Windows), C# (Gtk#), PHP (PHP-GTK), Ada (GTKAda), D (gtkD), FreeBasic (GladeToBac), Go (go-gtk), OCaml (lablgtk), JavaScript (Gjs, Seed (programming)), Fortran (gtk-fortran), Lua (lua-lgi), R (RGtk2) and others via GTK-serverGlade, GNOME BuilderLGPLPortable, free licensePartly native only.[11][12]
19922019[13]CLua (IupLua)[14]LEDC: a compiler for LEDMITPortable, lightweight, use the native API, native look&feel, free licenceNon‑Unicode (only plain ASCII)[15]
2004C++JucerGPL, commercialCross-platform, with additional audio plug-in wrapping tools (VST, RTAS, AAX etc.)
1992C++Visual Studionot portable (but Wine implements it for X Window)
1980sCBX Pro
20071.7.4 (16 May 2020; 2 years ago) [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templateatest_stable_software_release/Nana_C%2B%2B_Library&action=edit][±][/url][16]C++VisualStudio, Dev-C++, Code::Blocks, GCCportable, lightweight, modern C++ style
19916.2.1 LTS[17] (27 October 2021; 16 months ago) [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templateatest_stable_software_release/Qt_(software)&action=edit][±][/url]C++Ruby (QtRuby), Python (PyQt, PySide, PythonQt), Ada (QtAda), c# ( Qyoto), Java (Qt Jambi), Pascal ( FreePascal Qt4 ), Perl (Perl Qt4), PHP(PHP-Qt), Haskell (Qt Haskell), Lua (lqt, QtLua), Dao ( DaoQt), Tcl ( qtcl ), Common Lisp (CommonQt), D (QtD), Harbour (hbqt)Qt Designer, Qt CreatorGPL, LGPL.[18]Portable, rich widget set, GUI builder, free license, stable APIPartially native only.[19][20][21]
19932014 (5.8)C++ivfstudioproprietaryportable (Windows, Unix-like), good supportcommercial
20072010RubyMIT license/Open sourceSimplicity, ease of use
1996JavaEclipse, NetBeansGPL for OpenJDKPortable (Java), advanced widgets, GUI builders
20082022JavaNetBeans, Scene BuilderGPL
JavaD (DWT)Eclipseportable
19912015C, TclRuby (RubyTk), Python (Tkinter), Perl (Perl/Tk), Ada (TASH), Common Lisp (LTk), Erlang (etk), ... |BSDvery portable, many language bindings
20042022C++theIDEBSDportable, NTL, free license
C++BSDfree license
Delphi
CLI languagesCLI languagesExpression, Visual Studioportability issues, no MVC
2007CLI languagesCLI languagesExpression, Visual StudioPortability issues
19923.2.2.1 (13 February 2023; 38 days ago
[22]) [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templateatest_stable_software_release/wxWidgets&action=edit][±][/url]
C++C++ (native), Ruby (wxRuby), Python (wxPython), Perl (wxPerl), Java (wxJava, jwx!), Lua (wxLua), Tcl(wxTCL), JavaScript (GLUEscript), Smalltalk (wxSqueak), Erlang (wxErlang), Haskell (wxHaskell), C (wxC), D (wxD), .NET Framework (wxNet), Common Lisp (wxCL), Basic (wxBasic), BlitzMax (wxMax), Euphoria (wxEuphoria), Ada (wxAda), Pike (wxPike)VisualWx, Boa Constructor, PythonCard, Spe, XRCed, wxGlade, wxFormBuilder, DialogBlocks ($), wxDesigner ($)wxWindows LicensePortable, rich widget set, free licence, semantic similarities to MFC make migration easy.
19831.0.13[23]CMIT X11
XML, JavaScriptportable
19892010C and C++Design for C and architect for C++ProprietaryCross-platform, rich widget set, C and C++ GUI builders, very stable
Toolkit
Initial release
Latest release
Main language
Bindings
Tools
License
Pros
Cons
Back-end



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